In millions of USD or shares as applicable, except per share data	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Net income attributable to common stockholders (GAAP)	5,519	12,556	14,997	7,091	3,794
Stock-based compensation expense, net of tax	2,121	1,560	1,812	1,328	2,012
Digital assets loss (gain), net of tax	79	160	—	(459)	52
Release of valuation allowance on deferred tax assets	—	—	(5,927)	—	—
Net income attributable to common stockholders (non-GAAP)(1)	7,719	14,276	10,882	7,960	5,858
Less: Buy-outs of noncontrolling interests	(5)	(27)	(2)	(39)	—
Less: Dilutive convertible debt	(9)	(1)	—	—	—
Net income used in computing diluted EPS attributable to common stockholders (non-GAAP)(1)	7,733	14,304	10,884	7,999	5,858
EPS attributable to common stockholders, diluted (GAAP)	1.63	3.62	4.30	2.04	1.08
Stock-based compensation expense, net of tax, per share	0.63	0.45	0.52	0.38	0.57
Digital assets loss (gain), net of tax, per share	0.02	0.05	—	(0.13)	0.01
Release of valuation allowance on deferred tax assets	—	—	(1.70)	—	—
EPS attributable to common stockholders, diluted (non-GAAP)(1)	2.28	4.12	3.12	2.29	1.66
Shares used in EPS calculation, diluted (GAAP and non-GAAP)	3,386	3,475	3,485	3,498	3,528
Net income attributable to common stockholders (GAAP)	5,519	12,556	14,997	7,091	3,794
Interest expense	371	191	156	350	338
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	699	1132	(5,001)	1,837	1,423
Depreciation, amortization and impairment	2,911	3,747	4,667	5,368	6,148
Stock-based compensation expense	2,121	1,560	1,812	1,999	2,825
Digital assets loss (gain), net	101	204	—	(589)	68
Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP)(2)	11,722	19,390	16,631	16,056	14,596
Total revenues	53,823	81,462	96,773	97,690	94,827
Adjusted EBITDA margin (non-GAAP)(2)	21.8%	23.8%	17.2%	16.4%	15.4%
Automotive gross margin (GAAP)	29.3%	28.5%	19.4%	18.4%	17.8%
Less: Total regulatory credit revenue recognized	2.3%	1.8%	1.7%	3.0%	2.4%
Automotive gross margin excluding regulatory credit sales (non-GAAP)	27.0%	26.7%	17.7%	15.4%	15.4%